<p>St. Marys Catholic Church is a parish church of the Diocese of Davenport. The church is located at the corner of St. Marys and Washburn Streets in the town of Riverside, Iowa, United States. The entire parish complex forms an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary&#39;s Parish Church Buildings. The designation includes the church building, rectory, the former church , and former school building. The former convent, which was included in the historical designation, is no longer in existence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catholicism came to the area that would become Riverside in 1846 when the Rev. John Alleman organized a parish named St. Vincent two miles west of the present town of Riverside, near the English River. With the help of the Schnoebelen and Edelstein families, he built a log church and laid out a townsite which was named Strassburg. Riverside was established after the Muscatine Western Railroad built a line in 1872 from Muscatine that passed along the north side of the English River. A small town named Yatton had been laid out south of the river in 1856. The townspeople moved across the river to be near the railroad and joined others in the establishing Riverside. As the number of German and Irish Catholics increased in Riverside it was decided to build a church in town.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s was established in 1876 with the Rev. William Purcell as pastor. The church building was constructed of brick produced and laid by H.L. Swift. The first Mass in the church was celebrated on Palm Sunday in 1877. At the time the parish was part of the Diocese of Dubuque. It transferred to the Diocese of Davenport when it was established five years later. A rectory was built in the 1880s to the north of the church.</p><br>
<p>The parish has operated schools at different times throughout its history. The first parochial schools in the area were begun in Richmond, St. Vincents, and St. Stanislaus. The children from Riverside generally went to Richmond for school, where Joseph Fuhrman was the teacher. The first grade school was started at St. Marys in 1878 when a committee from the parish convinced Fuhrman to teach there rather than in Richmond, where classes were held under the gallery of the church. The next year classes for St. Mary&#39;s School were taught in the Tabernacle, a former Baptist church. When the Rev. A.J. Drexler was pastor, a combination school building and convent was constructed between 1888 and 1889 west of the church. Franciscan Sisters taught in the school from 1889 to 1902. They were replaced by the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<p>The 40-year pastorate of the Rev. Bernard Jacobsmeier began in 1905. He initiated a building program that began with the present church that was begun the year he arrived. It was built on the site of the rectory, which was removed. The original church was converted into a parish hall, and a second floor was added to create an auditorium. The following year a rectory, in matching brick, was built next to the church. The final building to round out the parish complex was a new school in 1912. After it was completed the combination school/convent was remodeled for exclusive use as a convent.</p><br>
<p>The parish started supporting a high school the same year the new school was built. It was discontinued in 1960. The rest of the school remained in operation until 1969, when the grade school closed for the first time. When the Rev. Thomas Mohr was pastor the grade school reopened in 1978 and in 1980 there were 36 students enrolled in preschool to sixth grade. The Franciscan Sisters of Christ the Divine Teacher from Davenport began teaching in the school in the 1980s. Because of the financial burden and low enrollment, the school closed once more. The parish has subsequently sold the school building and the convent has been torn down and replaced by a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 1990s the parish has been clustered with Holy Trinity Parish in Richmond and St. Joseph Parish in Wellman. The pastor of the three parishes resides in the rectory at Riverside. The basement of the church was renovated into a parish hall during the pastorate of the Rev. John Gallagher. An addition was added onto the original church, now called St. Marys Hall, and it too was renovated creating the St. Marys Education Center when the Rev. Richard Adam was the pastor.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The current church building (1907) is built of red brick in the Gothic Revival style. The structure follows a basilica plan with what appears to be transept wings on the exterior, however, they are not true structural features. The main facade is dominated by a tall central bell tower and spire. Each face of the tower has a clock in the gable at the top. Below the bell chamber surrounded by a round arch is a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Two shorter towers capped with pinnacles are located on the corners. There are three entrances across the front with octafoil windows, and above the side entrances are paired round arch windows with small octafoil windows above them. Decorative brickwork is found in the upper portions of the exterior walls. The single nave interior is seven bays in length with a rounded seven-sided apse at the far end. The building contains period stained glass windows, its original wooden altars and a pipe organ. The side altars are located within pointed arch alcoves. Two murals that were painted in oil over the side altars and the Twelve Apostles on the intradoses of the nave arches were completed in 1937. The building was somewhat altered when the basement was remodeled into a parish hall to accommodate an entrance and a staircase between the hall and the main body of the church on the west side of the building. The changes were designed to blend with the original building.</p><br>
<p>The original church (1877) is a simple version of the Gothic Revival style. It is a front-gable, brick structure that was built on a stone foundation. The side elevations are five bays in length. They are divided by flat brick pilasters, and each bay has a tall lancet window in the center. The main facade is symmetrical and three bays across its width. The main entrance is located within a slightly projecting pavilion. Beneath the eaves is a line of corbelling. At one time the main entrance and the upper portions of the lancet windows were closed while the lower portion of the windows were filled in with glass block. A new entrance with a brick vestibule was created along the east side. A renovation in the early 21st century opened up the main entrance and the lancet windows, which were filled with tinted glass. A modern addition was added to the west side of the building to house religious education classes.</p><br>
<p>The rectory (1908) is constructed of the same brick as the church. The two-story house is capped with a modest hipped roof, intersecting gables with partial cornice returns and a low hipped roof dormer on the west side. A one-story porch wraps around the southwest corner of the house. It features square brick piers, simple wooden spindle balustrade, and a shallow triangular pediment above the front steps. The house&#39;s window sills and lintels are concrete.</p><br>
<p>The school (1912) is a two-story brick structure built on a Bedford limestone foundation. The nearly square-plan building is capped with a low hipped roof and projecting rafter ends beneath the eaves. It features a full-height frontispiece that slightly projects from the main block. The main entrance into the building is recessed in a round stone arch. Above the entrance is a Palladian window on the second floor. On the north side of the building is a secondary entrance located in a small, hipped-roof porch.</p><br>
<p>The former convent (1889), no longer extant, was a two-story structure that was built of locally produced orange brick. It had a high hip roof with a broad deck that was once edged with iron cresting. The side elevations were six bays in length, and the walls on the south side of the building slightly extended beyond those of the northern half. A cupola was originally located on the southern end of the roof and later removed. The main entrance was also originally located on the south elevation before it was moved to the center of the east elevation.</p><br>
<p>The Century Flyer is a gauge train originally built as an amusement park ride. It is located on the grounds of the Conway Human Development Center, a residential facility that treats patients with developmental disabilities at 150 East Siebenmorgen Road in Conway, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This train was built in the early 1950s by National Amusement Devices, a manufacturer of roller coaster cars. This company built several of the Century Flyer train sets for use at amusement parks around the country. This particular train set was sold to the Burns Park "Funland" in North Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, the train and tracks were sold to a local professional womens organization, who donated them to the Conway Human Development Center (then known as the Arkansas Childrens Colony) for use by the patients. One third of a mile of track was laid and two trestles were built.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the train and track fell into disrepair. The Central Arkansas Model Railroad Club volunteered to upgrade and refurbish the train and track.</p><br>
<p>The Century Flyer was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its being one of the few remaining trains built by National Amusement Devices still operating.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Loraine, also known as The Loraine, is a ten-story hi-rise built as a hotel in 1924 a block southwest of the capitol in Madison, Wisconsin. It was the city&#39;s leading hotel from the time of construction to 1968. In 2002 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Walter Schroeder was a Milwaukee businessman who inherited his father&#39;s insurance, mortgage, and bond business in 1897. In 1912 he orchestrated the establishment of a rebuilt Wisconsin Hotel in Milwaukee. When it failed to make a profit, he took over management and turned it around. He decided he liked the hotel business, and proceeded to build a chain of large hotels in Wisconsin cities: the 1918-20 Astor on the Lake hotel in Milwaukee, the 1922-23 Hotel Retlaw in Fond du Lac, the 1923 Hotel Northland in Green Bay, the 1923 Hotel Wausau, the 1923 Hotel Loraine in Madison, the 1923-24 Hotel Duluth, and the 1926-28 Hotel Schroeder in Milwaukee.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, Madison was short on modern hotel rooms around the capitol square. The whole city had a total of 700 rooms, and the only existing first class hotel on the square was the Park Hotel, with 170 rooms. The Piper brothers completed the Belmont Hotel, in 1924, adding 200 rooms. Schroeder opened the Loraine in the same year. The Wisconsin State Journal gushed:</p><br>
<p>A million dollar hotel - the needed link between a $25,000,000 university and a $17,000,000 state house - is the Hotel Loraine, Wisconsin&#39;s newest hostelry and the leading one in the state outside of Milwaukee.</p><br>
<p>From the kitchen and baggage room to the beautiful Crystal ballroom, the new Loraine is sumptuously furnished and well appointed in every particular. The structure is patterned along the lines of the Northland in Green Bay, Wisc., and the Retlaw in Fond du Lac, Wisc. It is owned by the same company, the Hotel Wisconsin Realty Company, Walter Schroeder, president. It will be operated on the same plan and under the same policies that have made the Schroeder string hotels known from coast to coast.</p><br>
<p>Completion of the Loraine marks an important place in the history of Madison. For years conventions have shunned the beautiful Four Lakes city while festivities at the University of Wisconsin have had to be put up at homes, members of the legislature have had to room about the city in private residences and distinguished visitors have been subject to discomfiture because of lack of hotel facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Loraine will cater to all classes of the traveling public but will meet most favor with the intellectual classes which make their hub Madison. It will draw thousands of dollars in trade from medical circles for the new Wisconsin General Hospital erected by the state of Wisconsin at a cost of $1,500,000 which will open in September and several other clinics sponsored by church bodies are under construction.</p><br>
<p>The Loraine was designed by architect Herbert W. Tullgren, along with several other Schroeder hotels. It rises ten stories, with a classical column concept where the first two floors are the base of the column, the middle six are the shaft, and the top two are the head. On the street side the first two stories are clad in buff-colored terra cotta tiles, with bays separated by pilasters with copper wall sconces. The middle six stories are clad in brown brick with terra cotta and limestone trim, with bands of trim running up and down. Then a terra cotta cornice leads to the top two stories which are clad in red brick trimmed with a terra cotta arcade. Inside the first two floors were public spaces: the foyer, registration area, cigar counter, the lobby, kitchen, and the two-story Crystal Ballroom where large social functions were held. The eight floors above held the guest rooms. The decoration draws from Gothic style, Mediterranean Revival, and perhaps Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>Schroeder named the hotel "Loraine" for his niece who had died while it was being built.</p><br>
<p>The Loraine opened in June of 1924, offering 250 guest rooms. Business was good, and the following year Schroeder added on another 100-room wing toward capitol square. For 45 years after the Loraine was Madisons largest hotel and hosted many of the citys biggest events. Over the years its guests include Gloria Swanson, Mae West, Ethel Barrymore, Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 the hotel was remodeled and expanded again, to 400 rooms. In 1968 a group of local businessmen bought it from Schroeder and leased three stories as state offices. In 1988 the state took over the entire building as offices of the state Departments of Justice and Commerce. Those departments relocated to a newly constructed building in 2001. The building was then converted into condominiums which opened in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its "prominent part in Madison&#39;s social and commercial life," and as an example of how Period Revival styles can be applied to a large public building.</p><br>
<p>The Mayfair House was a historic 14 story apartment building completed in 1925 and located at 401 West Johnson Street in the West Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Lincoln Drive between Johnson and Cliveden Streets. It was considered "one of the city&#39;s most original and distinctive landmarks, a major architectural work."</p><br>
<p>It may be considered part of a set of three apartment buildings in the area, the others being the Alden Park Manor and McCallum Manor which offered a type of modern city living in the early 20th century in a suburban, even rustic, setting. The Regency architecture also offered "ethnic continuity" to Philadelphia&#39;s anglophile culture.</p><br>
<p>The building has been destroyed and 401 West Johnson Street is now an empty lot.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Joseph Leidy House is a historic residence located at 1319 Locust Street between S. 13th and S. Juniper Streets in the Washington Square West neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1893 and 1894 and was designed in the Georgian style by architect Wilson Eyre to be the home of Joseph Leidy, Jr., the nephew of Joseph Leidy , a noted American paleontologist. The house is next door to the Clarence B. Moore House, which was designed by Eyre in 1890.</p><br>
<p>From 1925 to 1979, the Leidy House served as the clubhouse of the now-defunct Poor Richard Club, whose members worked in advertising, and with the Moore House next door, was part of the Charles Morris Price School of Advertising and Journalism. Currently, it is the headquarters of District 1199C, the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Trunk Manufacturing Company Building is a historic factory and warehouse building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York, United States. It is a five-story, eight-bay, red brick, L-shaped, flat-roofed industrial building constructed in two phases, 1901–1902 and 1906–1907. It is an example of "slow burn" masonry and wood factory construction.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church complex located at 875 Elmwood Ave, Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The complex consists of the large cruciform-plan church building that was built in 1894 with an attached rear chapel. Adjoining them is the Community House that constructed of brick in the Tudor Revival style, that was built in 1921. The main church building is constructed of Medina sandstone with a terra cotta tile roof in the Romanesque Revival style. It features a 120 ft, square bell tower with a pyramidal roof. The church cost $150,000 to build and has a capacity of 1,000 people</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current church was the parish&#39;s third, and was built in response to demand for a larger place of worship. The parish originally worshiped in a building located at Lafayette Square.</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–East.</p><br>
<p>The McKim Building is the main branch of the Boston Public Library at Copley Square in Boston, Massachusetts. The building, described upon its 1895 opening as a "palace for the people", contains the librarys research collection, exhibition rooms, and administrative offices. The building includes lavish decorations, a childrens room , and a central courtyard surrounded by an arcaded gallery in the manner of a Renaissance cloister. The library regularly displays its rare works, often in exhibits that will combine works on paper, rare books, and works of art. Several galleries in the third floor of the McKim building are maintained for exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Boston Public Library was founded in 1852. The first Boston Public Library location opened in 1854 in two rooms in the Adams School on Mason Street. Because the Mason Street space was small and poorly lit, a new building opened at 55 Boylston Street in 1858. It cost $365,000 to build and held 70,000 volumes. By 1880, the Boston Public Library again needed a larger building to accommodate its holdings, and architect Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead, and White was chosen to design a new building at the corner of Dartmouth Street and Boylston Street. It opened in 1895 and cost $2.268 million, with a capacity of 2 million books.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Charles Follen McKims design shows influence from a number of architectural precedents. McKim drew explicitly on the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris (designed by Henri Labrouste, built 1845 to 1851) for the general arrangement of the facade that fronts on Copley Square, but his detailing of that facades arcaded windows owes a clear debt to the side elevations of Leon Battista Alberti&#39;s Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. The open-air courtyard at the center of the building is based closely on that of the 16th-century Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome; in its center is a copy of the, once controversial, statue Bacchante and Infant Faun one of the most well-known works by Frederick William Macmonnies. McKim also exploited up-to-date building technology, as the library represents one of the first major applications, in the United States, of the system of thin tile vaults (or catalan vaults) exported from the Mediterranean architectural tradition by the Valencian Rafael Guastavino. Seven different types of Guastavino vaulting can be seen in the library. Significantly, the ceramic tile patterns are exposed to view on the interior, while all previous projects by Guastavino Sr. covered the vaults with plaster.</p><br>
<p>The center entrance consists of three arches flanked by large sconces. Within each arch are sets of bronze doors by Daniel Chester French added in 1904, which depict left to right, low-relief allegories of Music and Poetry; Knowledge and Wisdom; and Truth and Romance. Beneath the figure of Music is a quote from Arcades by Milton Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie, to lull the daughters of Necessity, And keep unsteady Nature to her law. Beneath Poetry is the inscription True Poetry is Like the Loadstone Which Both Attracts the Needle and Supplies it With Magnetic Power. The Knowledge door contains a quote from Proverbs 24:3: By knowledge shall the chambers be filled with all pleasant and precious riches; the Wisdom door states There is in Wisdom a spirit subtil, clear in utterance, loving what is good, pure, stedfast. On the Truth door is the inscription Truth is The Strength and The Kingdom and The Power and the Majesty of all Ages A Romance to Rede and Drive the Night and the Romance door states Away from me thought it Better Play than Either at Chesse or Tables.</p><br>
<p>Flanking the entry are allegorical representations of Science, to the south and Art, on the north, completed by Bela Pratt in 1912. On the panels above the arches are seals of Massachusetts, the Library and the city of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The McKim building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 for its architectural and historical significance, given Boston Landmark status by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2000. It was the first major Beaux Arts building in the United States, and it was also the first large-scale urban library building in the nation.</p><br>
<h3>Murals</h3><br>
<p>Murals include a recently restored mural cycle by John Singer Sargent on the theme of The Triumph of Religion that is considered among the artists masterworks; Edwin Austin Abbeys most famous work, a series of murals which depict the Grail legend; and paintings of the Muses of Inspiration and allegories of academic subjects by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. The Puvis murals, which were painted on linen and applied to the library walls using the marouflage technique, are his only murals outside of France.</p><br>
<h3>Monumental inscriptions</h3><br>
<p>McKim chose to have monumental inscriptions, similar to those found on basilicas and monuments in ancient Rome, in the entablature on each of the main buildings three façades. On the south is inscribed: "&quot on the east: "&quot and on the north: "". The last quotation has been attributed to the librarys Board of Trustees.</p><br>
<p>Another inscription, above the keystone of the central entrance, proclaims: "". Below each second-story arched window on the three façades are inscribed lists of the names of great historical writers, artists, scientists, philosophers, and statesmen. A document created in 1939 by Frank N. Jones provides a comprehensive list: https://bpl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/1680001075</p><br>
<p>Across Dartmouth Street from the central entrance is a twentieth-century monument to the Lebanese-born poet and philosopher Gibran Khalil Gibran, or Kahlil Gibran (as he is usually referred to in English) who as a young immigrant educated himself in the Boston Public Library. The monuments inscription responds to the McKim building reading "", an excerpt from a letter enclosed with Gibrans generous bequest to the library.</p><br>
<h3>Bates Hall</h3><br>
<p>Bates Hall is named for the librarys first great benefactor, Joshua Bates. Boston Globe writer Sam Allis described "Bates Hall, the great reading room of the BPL, vast and hushed and illuminated with a profusion of green lampshades like fireflies" as one of Bostons "secular spots that are sacred." The form of Bates Hall, rectilinear but terminated with a semi-circular apse on each end, recalls a Roman basilica. A series of robust double coffers in the ceiling provide a sculptural canopy to the room. The east side has a rhythmic series of arched windows with light buffered by wide overhanging hood on the exterior. Heavy deep green silk velvet drapery installed in 1888, and again in the 1920s and 1950s, was not recreated in the 1993 restoration of the room. The drapery helped to muffle sound and lower light levels.</p><br>
<h2>Research collection</h2><br>
<p>Included in the BPL&#39;s research collection are more than 1.7 million rare books and manuscripts. It possesses wide-ranging and important holdings, including medieval manuscripts and incunabula, early editions of William Shakespeare (among which are a number of Shakespeare quartos and the First Folio), the George Ticknor collection of Spanish literature, a major collection of Daniel Defoe, records of colonial Boston, the 3,800 volume personal library of John Adams, the mathematical and astronomical library of Nathaniel Bowditch, important manuscript archives on abolitionism, including the papers of William Lloyd Garrison, and a major collection of materials on the Sacco and Vanzetti case. There are large collections of prints, photographs, postcards, and maps. The library, for example, holds one of the major collections of watercolors and drawings by Thomas Rowlandson. The library has a special strength in music, and holds the archives of the Handel and Haydn Society, scores from the estate of Serge Koussevitzky, and the papers of the important American composer Walter Piston.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton Downtown Historic District is a historic district located in the village of Clinton in Clinton Township in the northernmost portion of Lenawee County, Michigan. It consists of most of the 100 block of USA Route 12, known locally as West Michigan Avenue, plus Memorial Park at 200 West Michigan. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 27, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district traces its origin back to the village&#39;s original platting in 1833 and incorporation in 1837. The earliest buildings still extant in the historic district date from this period, and include a frame structure at 117-121 West Michigan and brick structures at 135 and 141 West Michigan. The district grew due to its location on the Chicago Road and the River Raisin. By 1838, the village had 600 people, along with post office, a bank, up to twelve dry goods stores, three grocery stores, two drug stores, mills, taverns, clothing shops, and other establishments. Many of these businesses were located in what is now the central business district.</p><br>
<p>After the completion of the branch railroad line in 1853, economic growth in Clinton boomed. Frame structures in the downtown were replaced with masonry buildings. Prosperity continued through the end of the 19th century, resulting in a building boom that began in the 1880s, peaked in the mid-1890s, and continued with a few major buildings constructed in the early 1900s. A few more buildings were added to the district in the 1910s, and Memorial Park, which anchors the edge of the district, was created in 1919.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton Downtown Historic District contains twenty-nine commercial buildings, a town hall, and a memorial park, arranged along a block of Michigan Avenue. The buildings represent an intact and cohesive assemblage of structures, spanning a range of architectural styles from Greek Revival through late nineteenth-century commercial blocks, Italianate buildings, and early twentieth century automobile-related buildings. Construction dates range from the mid-nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, with the oldest buildings dating to the 1830s. Most structures in the district are brick or masonry, and the vast majority of the buildings in the district are two-story, two-part brick commercial blocks.</p><br>
<p>The two most visually striking buildings in the district are the Clinton Inn at 106 West Michigan Avenue and the Town Hall at 172 West Michigan Avenue. The Clinton Inn was constructed in 1900-01, and is the tallest and largest building in the district. It is the only three-story building in the business district, and has a distinctive diagonally positioned square-plan corner tower, facing the intersection, which contains the entrance to the hotel. At the top is a square clock tower with a pyramidal roof, containing clocks on three sides. The Michigan Avenue facade left contains three broad arched openings at street level, with the facade on the upper stories divided into three bays, marked by large brackets of the main cornice. The Jackson street facade is divided into seven bays defined by columns of single square-head windows.</p><br>
<p>The Town Hall was constructed in 1876 as a joint venture between the Village and Township of Clinton and by Clinton&#39;s Masonic lodge, and the building continues to be owned by the township and the Masons. The building is a two-story brick eclectic Late Victorian structure with a hipped roof and arched entryway. The facade is three bays wide, and contains the center entry door flanked by paired double hung sash windows. The second story contains three sets of paired double hung sash windows. The bays are emphasized by projecting brick piers placed at the building corners and between the window pairs, rising from a fieldstone foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Ridge Avenue Bridge in Philadelphia is a historic bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>A triple-span stone arch bridge built in 1888, it carries Ridge Avenue over the Wissahickon Creek. It is the last crossing of the creek before it empties into the Schuylkill River. Four other stone arch bridges cross the Wissahickon. The 119.1-ft-long bridge was rehabilitated in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sanders is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, located west of the downtown area and immediately north of the main campus of the University of Tennessee. Developed in the late 19th century as a residential area for Knoxvilles growing upper and middle classes, the neighborhood now provides housing primarily for the universitys student population. The neighborhood still contains a notable number of its original Victorian-era houses and other buildings, several hundred of which were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as the Fort Sanders Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sanders is named for a Civil War-era Union bastion that once stood near the center of the neighborhood, which was the site of a key engagement in 1863. Before the Union occupation of Knoxville began, Fort Sanders was often referred to as “Fort Loudon” by the occupying Confederate troops. In the 1880s, several of Knoxvilles wealthier residents built sizeable houses in what is now the southern half of Fort Sanders, then known as "Whites Addition," while the northern half, known as "Ramseys Addition," was developed to provide housing for plant managers and workers employed in factories along Second Creek. Fort Sanders was incorporated as the separate city of West Knoxville in 1888, and was annexed by Knoxville in 1897. In its early years, Fort Sanders residents included some of Knoxvilles leading industrialists and politicians, as well as professors from the University of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sanders was the childhood home of author James Agee, and provided the setting for his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family. A ten-fold expansion of U.T.&#39;s student body after World War II brought about the need for student housing, and many of the old homes in Fort Sanders have since been converted into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Fort Sanders and the University of Tennessee campus straddle a hill that is bounded by Second Creek on the east, Third Creek on the west, the Tennessee River on the south, and a declivity now traversed by the Southern Railway tracks and Interstate 40 on the north. The university occupies the southern half of the hill, overlooking the river, while Fort Sanders occupies the northern half. Cumberland Avenue (part of USA Route 70), commonly called "The Strip," is the approximate boundary between the two. Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center occupies the western half of the Fort Sanders neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Worlds Fair Park, the site of the 1982 Worlds Fair, lies opposite Second Creek to the east. The Mechanicsville neighborhood lies on the other side of I-40 to the north. West of the L&N tracks, Cumberland Avenue becomes Kingston Pike, which continues into West Knoxville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Battle of Fort Sanders</h3><br>
<p>In November 1863, Confederate forces under General James Longstreet marched north from Chattanooga to Knoxville in hopes of dislodging Union forces under Ambrose Burnside, who had occupied Knoxville a few months prior. After a brief skirmish at Campbells Station (Farragut), Longstreets forces approached Knoxville from the west along Kingston Pike. Delaying maneuvers executed by General William P. Sanders gave Union forces in the city time to complete fortifications, although Sanders was mortally wounded on November 18, and died at the Lamar House the following day. With Union fortifications in place, Longstreet decided to surround the city and starve Union forces out.</p><br>
<p>During the Siege of Knoxville, Confederate pickets stretched roughly along what is now Twenty-First Street between Cumberland and Forest avenues. Union fortifications included Fort Byington atop "The Hill," Battery Noble at what is now the intersection of Melrose and Seventeenth, and Battery Zoellner near the intersection of Highland and Eleventh. Fort Sanders, originally "Fort Loudon" but renamed in honor of the deceased General Sanders by occupying Union forces, was an earthen fort that spanned Seventeenth between Laurel and Clinch, and continued along Laurel and Clinch eastward to Sixteenth Street.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of November 29, 1863, after a two-week siege, Longstreet ordered three brigades under General Lafayette McLaws to attack Fort Sanders, in hopes of breaching Union lines. The attackers marched from what is now the intersection of Nineteenth and Forest, southeastward across the intersection of Eighteenth and Highland, toward the forts northeast corner at the intersection of Seventeenth and Laurel. They were unable to overcome a deep trench at the base of the fort, however, and retreated with heavy casualties. The battle, which lasted just twenty minutes, effectively ended Longstreets chances of taking the city, and he retreated shortly afterward.</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles industrial growth after the Civil War led to a rapid increase in the citys population. During the 1880s, pollution from an ore smelting operation drove residents in the upscale Summit Hill area to seek new homes elsewhere. Several chose the hillslope west of Second Creek known as Whites Addition (after Hugh Lawson White, who once owned a house in the area), which stretched from the Tennessee River to what is now Laurel Avenue. Among the earliest to build mansions in Whites Addition were candy manufacturer Martin Luther Ross and Tennessee attorney general George Pickle.</p><br>
<p>During the same period, a number of factories sprang up along Second Creek, and the area known as Ramseys Addition, which stretched northward from what is now Laurel Avenue to the railroad tracks, developed primarily as housing for factory managers and workers. Unlike the more exclusive Whites Addition, residents in Ramsey&#39;s Addition ranged from wage workers to upper-level managers, and the neighborhood had a mix of houses ranging from impressive Victorian mansions to small, inconspicuous shotgun-style houses.</p><br>
<p>An 1886 map of Knoxville shows development in the Fort Sanders area stretching as far west as what is now Seventeenth Street. The University of Tennessee consisted of several buildings clustered around "The Hill." Factories located along Second Creek included the Knoxville Tannery, the Caswell Furniture Company, the Knoxville Ice Company, the Barker Bucket Factory, the Knoxville Button Factory, and the massive foundry of the Knoxville Iron Company (part of which still stands). The Samuels Keg Factory and the Knoxville Woolen Mills were located along the railroad tracks at the north end of Ramsey&#39;s Addition.</p><br>
<p>With a need for city services, and bureaucratic issues preventing annexation by Knoxville, the Fort Sanders area incorporated as the separate city of West Knoxville on March 8, 1888. The city&#39;s boundaries were Second Creek on the east, Asylum (now Western) Avenue and the railroad tracks on the north, Third Creek on the west, and the river on the south. West Knoxville had an initial population of 1,520, and J.W. Yoe served as the first mayor. West Knoxville was annexed by Knoxville in 1897. Today, "West Knoxville" generally refers to the section of Knoxville along Kingston Pike, west of Third Creek and Alcoa Highway.</p><br>
<h3>Later development</h3><br>
<p>During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Fort Sanders was home to some of Knoxville&#39;s key industrial figures. Department store owner Max Arnstein, who built the seven-story Arnstein Building at the south end of Market Square, owned houses at 1403 and 1625 Laurel. Wholesaling tycoon Matthew McClung, a partner in Cowan, McClung and Company, built the house at 1625 Clinch. Marble quarry magnate John J. Craig lived at 1415 Highland, and Coca-Cola bottler J. Patrick Roddy lived at 1803 Clinch. Knoxville Journal founder and editor William Rule lived at 1604 Clinch. Ranson Whittle, the founder of the Whittle Trunk and Bag Company, lived at 1802 Highland.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sanders was also home to a number early University of Tennessee professors and administrators. Weston Fulton, inventor of the sylphon (used in the manufacture of thermostats), lived at 1202 Clinch in the early 1900s. William Waller Carson, founder of the schools civil engineering department, lived at 1310 Clinch, and later built what is now the Ronald McDonald House at 1705 Clinch. Thomas Jordan, the schools dean in the early 1900s, lived at 1312 White, and mathematics professor Cooper D. Schmitt lived at 1302 White. Artist Catherine Wiley lived at 1317 White in the 1910s while working as an instructor at UT.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of the automobile in the 1920s, Knoxvilles wealthier residents began to move to suburbs on the periphery of the city, and urban neighborhoods such as Fort Sanders began to decline. After World War II, the University of Tennessees student body grew from just over 2,000 to almost 30,000 by 1975, and most of the homes in Fort Sanders were converted into student housing. The universitys expansion (and more recently the expansion of Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center) led to the destruction of many of the neighborhoods early houses, and preservationists, namely the Fort Sanders Community Improvement Association, increased efforts to protect its historical resources.</p><br>
<h3>A Death in the Family</h3><br>
<p>Author James Agee (1909&ndash;1955) spent his early childhood in the Fort Sanders neighborhood. The Agees initially lived at 1505 Highland Avenue (the house is no longer standing), but moved to Laurel Avenue after the death of Agees father in 1915. Agees maternal grandparents, Joel and Emma Tyler, lived on Clinch Avenue. Joel Tyler was a cofounder of the mill machinery company Ty-Sa-Man, where Agee&#39;s father worked.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Sanders neighborhood provides the primary setting for Agee&#39;s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family. The novel opens with Agee and his father taking a walk through downtown Knoxville, making stops on Gay Street and Market Square, and passing the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the L&N Station as they made their way back to Fort Sanders. Agee mentioned a vacant lot along Forest Avenue where he and his father liked to look out on the lights of North Knoxville in the distance, and listen to the engines of the L&N, which "coughed and browsed" in the valley below. The book ends with Agee and his uncle conversing while standing over the "waste of briers and of embanked clay" of the ruins of the Civil War-era Fort Sanders.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, Fifteenth Street was renamed "James Agee Street." In 2005, James Agee Park was established in a vacant lot (formerly the home of Mayor Samuel B. Luttrell) at the intersection of James Agee Street and Laurel Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Sanders today</h2><br>
<p>Fort Sanders, or "The Fort" as it is known by residents, remains a popular place for students. Most residents are in their twenties and many go home during the summer, leaving the neighborhood virtually empty compared to its very active, and sometimes belligerent, feel during the school year. Due to the area&#39;s younger population and proximity to a large university, the neighborhood is a hotbed for house parties and bars alike. The neighborhood is somewhat infamous in Knoxville for its party atmosphere, and residents have been known to throw multi-street block parties that can attract thousands. The biggest being on October 15, 2022, which was the night the Vols broke a 15-year losing streak to Alabama beating the Crimson Tide 52–49. The block of 13th and Laurel Ave was filled to the brim with people as they lit couches on fire listening to Dixieland Delight. Cumberland Avenue, or "The Strip", is a popular hangout for students, as it contains numerous bars, restaurants, and stores.</p><br>
<p>During the Fall football season, Fort Sanders, along with the campus itself, serves as a headquarters for Tennessee Volunteers fans&#39; tailgating and pre-game activities.</p><br>
<p>The Knoxville Police Department and The University of Tennessee&#39;s Police Department jointly patrol Fort Sanders. The university operates a fully armed and operational police that helps protect students both on campus and in Fort Sanders.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Sanders Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Sanders Historic District, listed on the National Register in 1980, originally consisted of approximately 400 buildings, and covered a 105 acre area bounded by White, Grand, Eleventh, and Nineteenth. Most of the district&#39;s contributing houses were built between 1880 and 1930, and the majority were designed in Victorian (especially Queen Anne) or Bungalow/Craftsman styles. The district also includes three churches and several commercial buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Notable structures</h3><br>
<p>Christ Chapel (1538 Highland Avenue), originally the Ramsey Methodist Church, and later the Epworth Methodist Church, now home to a non-denominational congregation. The church was originally constructed in 1895, and renovated in 1929 after it was partially destroyed by fire. Christ Chapel purchased and rehabilitated the church in the early 1980s, and built the modern rear addition in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Theater (1538 Laurel Avenue), originally the Fort Sanders Presbyterian Church; a two-story brick church built in 1898.</p><br>
<p>310 Thirteenth Street (Firedog Pizza/Deli), a late nineteenth century Victorian commercial building.</p><br>
<p>307 18th Street (18th Street IGA), a commercial vernacular store built circa 1923; initially known as the W.T. Roberts Grocery Store.</p><br>
<p>1202 Clinch Avenue, a two-story house built in 1876, making it one of the oldest houses in Fort Sanders; once used as a residence by inventor Weston Miller Fulton.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Terrace (1415 Laurel Avenue), a -story Queen Anne-style brick house built in 1894 by candy manufacturer Martin Luther Ross.</p><br>
<p>1604 Clinch Avenue, a two-story Georgian Revival house, built in 1914, and used as a residence by publisher and mayor, Captain William Rule; now used by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</p><br>
<p>Pickle Mansion (1633 Clinch), a Queen Anne-style house built in 1889, with a large wrap-around porch. The house suffered significant damage from a fire in 2002.</p><br>
<p>1705 Clinch Avenue, a -story brick apartment building constructed by University of Tennessee civil engineering professor William Waller Carson in 1903; the Ronald McDonald House purchased the building in 1985.</p><br>
<p>1803 Clinch Avenue, a two-and-a-half-story Georgian Revival-style house built in 1912; this house served as a residence for J. Patrick Roddy, founder of the Roddy Coca-Cola Bottling Company.</p><br>
<p>1308 White Avenue, a Queen Anne-style house built in 1894 for marble company executive James E. Ross. It was subsequently the home of Knoxville judge Charles Hayes Brown. The University of Tennessee has announced plans to purchase and demolish this house, along two adjacent houses, to make way for a new science facility.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Aldridge in Wewoka, Oklahoma is a brick building that was built in 1927, four years after the Wewoka Pool of the Seminole Oil Field was opened. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>It is 50 ft by 140 ft, is four stories tall, and has a flat roof with a 2 ft parapet all around.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as the oldest oil boom era hotel in Wewoka and as the best surviving example of Plains Commercial architecture in Wewoka.</p><br>
<p>John Holmes House, also known as the Cresse–Holmes House, is located at 504 USA Route 9 North in the Cape May Court House section of Middle Township in Cape May County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 12, 1979, for its significance in vernacular Georgian architecture. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally thought to have been built in 1755 by Robert Cresse. Later research has shown that the oldest part of the house was built by John Cresse, his father. The "newer" portion of the house was built by Robert Morris Holmes, son of John Holmes, in 1830. The house has been owned by the Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society since 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house is now operated as the Museum of Cape May County, and features an 18th-century period kitchen, bedroom and 1830 dining room and a Victorian sitting room. Other exhibits include a doctor&#39;s room, a military room, Native American room and maritime artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Leaming House is located in Middle Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1706 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Leaming was a member the fifth session (June–August 1776) of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey which ordered the arrest of the colonys last royal governor William Franklin, approved the Declaration of Independence and wrote New Jerseys first state constitution (1776).</p><br>
<p>Ocean City Residential Historic District consists of 169 properties, dating back to the 1880s, located in Ocean City, New Jersey. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before Ocean City, New Jersey was founded, several families lived on the barrier island, then known as Pecks Beach. In 1879, a group of eight Methodist ministers founded the New Brighton Association as a land development company. On October 20 of that year, the group founded the Ocean City Association to develop the island as a religious resort, with a grid plan of streets running parallel to, and intersecting, each other. On May 25 of the following year, the Association began selling lots in the northern portion of the island, centered around a campground area between what is now Fifth and Sixth Streets. If buyers failed to adhere to the Associations moral code, than the property would be returned to the Association. In 1880 alone, buyers built 35 houses, along a hotel, two bath houses, and ten private stables.</p><br>
<p>A total of 32 houses built in the 1880s are part of the current historic district, including one built by Ocean City Association member Ezra B. Lake. More houses were built in the succeeding decades, aided by improved transportation. By the 1920s, most available lots in the originally settled northern portion of Ocean City were already built. The city&#39;s growth halted in 1929 following the stock market crash and subsequent Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, developers began tearing down older structures and rebuilding them as duplexes.</p><br>
<h2>List of homes in the district</h2><br>
<h2>Other properties</h2><br>
<p>The Ocean City Residential Historic District is centered around an open area between 5th and Sixth Streets. In 1881, an auditorium was built between Fifth and Sixth Streets, which became the Ocean City Tabernacle; the building was replaced in 1955 by another building at the same location.</p><br>
<p>At the intersection of 8th Street and Central Avenue, St. Peters United Methodist Church was built in 1908 in a Gothic Revival architecture. Originally, it was a two-story building, with a three-story tower, with a two-story addition built in 1956. The churchs foundation is made of cast stone and granite, and the building&#39;s exterior wall is made of stone, featuring stained glass windows. The roof is cross-gabled, with a raised parapet, pinnacles, and a bell tower. It is a key contributing property to the district.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel May House is a Federal style residence located at 690 North Lake Drive in Prestonsburg, Kentucky. It built in 1817 by Samuel May, a Kentucky state representative  and a Kentucky state senator  from Floyd County. It now serves as the Samuel May House Living History Museum. Relatives still living include Jack May, Vince May, Treasa May, Kim May, Eric May, Kevin May, Tonia May, Lisa May.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1808, Samuel May emigrated to Floyd County from Virginia and married Cathrine Evans. From 1817 to 1821, May acquired 3,000 acres of land along the banks of the Levisa Fork, where he developed a farm and set up a mill.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the home was very laborious due to the homes remote location in Eastern Kentucky. In 1816, May&#39;s slaves began working the kilns that produced the bricks for the residence. Lime for the cement was created by crushing the shells of freshwater clams gathered from the Levisa Fork. The lumber used in the construction was whip-sawed from logs and was hauled to the site, where it was cured and shaped. Even the nails had to be shipped in from a factory in Abingdon, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The house illustrates May&#39;s expertise as an architect and builder. The bricks on the front part of the house were laid out in a Flemish bond: a decorative and structurally strong pattern of brick laying. Also, all walls in the house, including the interior partitions, are four bricks deep. This unusual building technique not only created deep window sills and door frames, but helped preserve the structure over the generations.</p><br>
<p>Although the home is two stories, the home has only six rooms. The largest of the rooms is Samuel May&#39;s Parlor, which measures eighteen by twenty feet. The large rooms were a necessity because the home also served as a community hall and as a shelter from Indian attacks, though those were largely over by that time and there is no record of any attacks made on the house. The interior is furnished in poplar woodwork, which is now painted white. The floors are made out of both poplar and white ash.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Samuel May sold the home to his brother, Thomas May, because of his inability to pay off his mortgage. Several years later, Samuel May moved to California gold fields in hopes of regaining his former wealth. He was unsuccessful and died in Placerville, California in 1851.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The dream of renovating the historic home and developing it into a living history museum began in March 1993 with the creation of the Friends of the Samuel May House, Inc. Due to a lack of funds very few tasks could be completed. But in the spring of 1997, the city of Prestonsburg purchased the home and received a $400,000 grant from the Kentucky Heritage Council and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. This grant allowed the city to fully restore the historic home to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>Valparaiso has retained an active downtown. It remains a mix of government, retail and business center, with a mixed residential and service area . Numerous economic changes have not changed the basic character, historic courthouse area. The historic district retains the distinctive turn-of-the-19th-century architecture, supporting numerous small specialty shops, shaded sidewalks, and a people friendly environment. The Downtown District, is anchored on the Porter County Courthouse. It includes 14-blocks surrounding the square, bounded on the north by Jefferson Street, on the east by Morgan Street, on the south by Monroe Street, and on the west by Napoleon Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Portersville Land Company platted the town of Portersville in 1836. The next year, the town was renamed in honor of Commodore David Porter’s last battle outside the Chilean port of Valparaiso. The County had been named in honor of Commodore Porter. The first building were constructed near the Morgan Street bridge (corner of Morgan Street and Lincolnway). The town did not begin to grow until 1850, when the first railroad was completed through town.</p><br>
<p>The first courthouse was completed in 1837. This frame structure was replaced in 1852, and again in 1885 with a limestone structure. The current courthouse is the 1885 structure, restored after the 1934 fire, which destroyed the distinctive clock tower.</p><br>
<p>The county jail was located on Mechanic Street (Indiana Street today). The log building was replaced in 1871 with a modern limestone building. It was attached to the Sheriff’s residence, which had been built 11 years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Public programs were held in the Grand Opera House when it opened in 1874. Originally known as the Fiske Opera House, it was the first public space in Valparaiso. The first floor was retail space and the second floor could hold up to 700 people. In 1893 the Memorial Hall was built to honor Civil War Veterans and could hold an audience of 1,000.</p><br>
<h2>Significant structures</h2><br>
<p>All structures are historically contributing towards the Historic District Status, unless otherwise noted. An ‘O’ rating signifies that the structure had enough historic or architectural significance to be considered for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The ‘N’ rating signifies that the structure is above average and may, with further investigation be eligible for an individual listing. The ‘C’ or contributing rating signifies that the structure meet the basic inventory qualifications, but fails to meet individual merit, but in combination with other closely placed similar structures warrants inclusion in an historic district.</p><br>
<h3>West Lincolnway</h3><br>
<p>170: Valparaiso Post Office; Neoclassical, 1917 (James A. Wetmore, architect) (O)</p><br>
<p>This Neoclassical structure was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore, and opened in 1919 as the USA Post Office. The design creates a monumental effect with the building back from the sidewalk, a flight of stairs to the entrance, which is in the middle of the facade between two-story, freestanding, Tuscan pillars. The City purchased the building in 1987 to renovate for use as the City Hall.*162: Grand Opera House; Italianate, 1871-1874 (C)</p><br>
<p>162: Grand Opera House (Odd Fellows Building); Italianate, 1871-1874 (C)</p><br>
<p>The earliest venue for the performing arts in Valparaiso as the Fisk Opera House. The auditorium on the upper floor could hold 700 people. Until the Memorial Opera House was built in 1893, this was the only center for theater. Designed for one or two businesses at street level, the elongated windows of the second floor reveal the presence of a high ceiled the vaudeville theater on the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>150: Elks Temple; Colonial Revival, 1924 (Whetherhogg, Architect) (O)</p><br>
<p>The Fisk Block stood on this site as the home of the Elks until it burned in 1924. The Elks rebuilt their home as a Colonial Revival building designed by Mr. Whetherfogg. Major renovation in 1988 created the 150 Lincolnway facilities. The Elks have since sold their interests in the building.</p><br>
<p>70: Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1880 (N)</p><br>
<p>68: Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1880 (N)</p><br>
<p>66-64: Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1880 (N)</p><br>
<p>62: Horn&#39;s Block; 20th Century Functional, 1921 (C)</p><br>
<p>60: Horn&#39;s Block; 20th Century Functional, 1921 (C)</p><br>
<p>58: Post Tribune Building; 19th Century Functional, c.1870 (C)</p><br>
<h3>East Lincolnway</h3><br>
<p>101: Farmer&#39;s State Bank; Neoclassical, 1927 (Frederic Beck, architect) (N)</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Farmer&#39;s State Bank purchased 44 ft of Specht, Finney, Skinner building on the corner of Franklin St. and Main St., i.e. Lincolnway. Frederick Beck designed the Renaissance palace facade of Indiana Limestone and sandstone. The main entrance on the south has a two-story glazed arch entry way with Ionic pilasters on each side. Additional features on the Franklin St. side exhibit Art Deco Styling. In the 1980s, the new owner, Northern Indiana Bank, added the neighboring property, the remains of the Specht, Finney, Skinner Store on the east for additional banking services. Banking consolidation of the 1990s and early 21st Century has seen the building changing ownership. It remains a downtown bank.</p><br>
<h3>Courthouse Square</h3><br>
<p>Porter County Courthouse; Second Empire/Neoclassical, 1885/1934 (John C. Cochrane, 1885, architect; John D. Wilson, 1934, architect) (N)</p><br>
<h3>West Indiana</h3><br>
<p>14: First State Bank of Valparaiso; Neoclassical, 1903 (Jenny and Mundie, architect) (N)</p><br>
<p>The Neoclassical architecture was a common style for banks, meant to imply wisdom and a sense of security. The firm of Jenny and Mundie designed the structure using Indiana Limestone When constructed, this restrained monumental temple front gave a new face to an older structure. Tuscan pillars on waist-high pedestals echo the Courthouse porch across the street, and create a three part facade. Later the bank was operated as the First National Bank and has undergone numerous changes in ownership during the bank consolidations of the 1990s and early 21st Century.</p><br>
<p>102: Sheriff&#39;s Residence, Italianate, 1860 (O)</p><br>
<p>Porter County Jail, 1871, (R. Rose, architect; Shade and Lembke, builders ) (O) NR</p><br>
<p>104: Memorial Hall, Romanesque Revival, 1893 Charles Lembke, architect) (O) NR</p><br>
<p>City Hall P5130017.JPGValparaiso Post Office; Neoclassical, 1917 (Valparaiso City Hall in 2015)</p><br>
<p>Elks P5130013.JPGElks Temple: Colonial Revival, 1924 (Centier Bank in 2015)</p><br>
<p>01 Horn Blocks (Pikks) P4290023.jpgHorns Block; 20th Century Funcational, 1921</p><br>
<p>01 Napoleon Center.jpgPost Tribune Building; 19th Century Functional, c.1870 (Napoleon Center in 2015)</p><br>
<p>01 Farmers Bank (1926) Franklin & Lincolnway P4100016.jpgFarmer&#39;s State Bank; Neoclassical, 1927</p><br>
<p>Porter County, Indiana County Courthouse, north facade P5130032.JPGPorter County Courthouse; Second Empire/Neoclassical, 1885/1934</p><br>
<p>Old Sheriffs Hse w JailP4100028.jpgPorter County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s House & Jail, Italianate, 1860 (Porter County Museum) Oldest of three structures. Home of the Porter Museum (County History)</p><br>
<p>Memorial Opera HseP4100023.jpgMemorial Hall, Romanesque Revival, 1893</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Basset House is a historic house at 1024 Monroe Turnpike in Monroe, Connecticut, built in 1775. It is significant for its association with events in the American Revolutionary War. It is documented to have hosted a ball for French officers of Lauzun&#39;s Legion on June 30, 1781; the legion had been encamped near the village center of Monroe. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel Basset House is located northeast of the village center of Monroe on the east side of Monroe Turnpike in front of Masuk High School. It is a -story wood-frame structure set on almost 6 acre of land, five bays wide, with two brick chimneys and a side gable roof. Its centered entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a transom window. The second floor extends slightly over the first floor on the front façade. The interior follows a central hall plan. A key feature is a large chamber on the second floor which likely served as a ballroom.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1775. In the summer of 1781, the French army marched through Connecticut led by the comte de Rochambeau on their way to Virginia and the eventual Siege of Yorktown. The bulk of Rochambeaus army took an east–west route which passed north of Monroe, eventually encamping at Newtown and then marching through Ridgefield toward New York. Rochambeau detached Lauzuns Legion, a cavalry regiment, to parallel the army&#39;s march some 10 - to the south. This unit camped near the village center of Monroe on June 30. That evening, a ball was held in this house in honor of the French forces. It was the last entertainment for the troops, as they needed to be on heightened alert as they approached British-held New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Post Road Historic District encompasses a cross-section of residential architectural styles representative of much of the history of Darien, Connecticut. Centered on the junction of Boston Post Road  and Brookdale Road, the district also includes two civic landmarks: the town hall and the Greek Revival First Congregational Church. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Darien was settled by colonists as part of Stamford, and was first known as Middlesex Parish. A church parish separate from that of Stamford was established in 1737, and the town was incorporated in 1820. In 1740 a meeting house was built on the site where the present First Congregational Church now stands at Brookside Road and the Post Road. The current church, built to replace the meeting house, was built in 1837, and is a representative example of Greek Revival church architecture. Extending along the Post Road south to Darien Town Hall (Classical Revival, built 1910 as a school, converted to town hall in 1949) are a series of houses whose construction dates and architectural styles represent more than a century of the towns history, from 1800 to the 1920s. Set just east of the church on Brookdale Road and the Old Kings Highway are some of the town&#39;s oldest houses, including the Bates-Scofield House built in 1736 and used as an office by the Darien Historical Society. That house is where the meeting organizing the church parish was held in 1739.</p><br>
<p>The district is about 17 acre in size, with 23 historically significant properties. None of the residential properties are particularly distinguished for their architecture, but are significant for their representation of the patterns of growth and development of the community.</p><br>
<p>The Urbana College Historic Buildings are a historic district on the campus of Urbana University in Urbana, Ohio, United States. Composed of three nineteenth-century buildings, the district includes the oldest structures on the university&#39;s campus.</p><br>
<h2>University history</h2><br>
<p>In 1849, members of the Church of the New Jerusalem in Urbana proposed the establishment of an institution of higher education in their city. Local individuals soon donated land and money for the construction of buildings, and the Ohio General Assembly issued a charter on March 7, 1850. The cornerstone for the college&#39;s first building was laid in June 1851; it was finished in 1853, and the first classes were soon assembled.</p><br>
<h2>Historic buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Bailey Hall</h3><br>
<p>Upon its completion in 1853, the college&#39;s original building was named "Bailey Hall" in honor of Francis Bailey, the first American publicly to espouse the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. Built of brick, Bailey is an Italianate structure that rests on a stone foundation and is topped with a hip roof. Among its most prominent architectural features are a tower, massive arched double doors, and many casement windows. At the time of construction, Bailey Hall included a central hall, classrooms, and a library; it was expanded in 1875 with the addition of a chemistry laboratory and offices for the university president. Its appearance changed in 1915 with the addition of a new roof and the placement of stucco over the original bricks.</p><br>
<h3>Oak Hall</h3><br>
<p>Soon after the completion of Bailey Hall, a dormitory became necessary, and "College Hall" was built to house the students. The expenses of constructing this building — later called "Oak Hall" — were largely paid by J. Young Scammon, a member of the university&#39;s board of trustees and a wealthy Chicago businessman. Finished in 1856, Oak Hall was expanded with the addition of a third story in 1874, and it was refurbished with a new floor and roof in 1915. In order to restore the building to its original condition, major repairs were conducted in the spring of 1974, along with the removal of historically insensitive additions and the construction of a new entrance in the style of the original structure.</p><br>
<p>Based on a stone foundation, Oak Hall is a square brick structure built in the Greek Revival style of architecture. Four bays on each side, Oak is distinguished by architectural features such as corbelling on each bay, prominent capitals on the pilasters, and a large dormer window in the hip roof. The building has been modified by the addition of a small two-story wing with a massive chimney around the beginning of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>Barclay Hall</h3><br>
<p>In 1883, continued expansion necessitated the erection of a second classroom building. Named "Barclay Hall," this structure included space for a lecture hall, a museum, and scientific classrooms. Because Barclay was placed just 30 ft away from Bailey, the two buildings were soon connected by an arcade of brick that soon became a campus landmark. Although the building was heavily damaged by a 1920, it was soon restored to its pre-fire state. Like the other two structures, Barclay is a squarish building with three bays per side, and it is covered with a hip roof. Among its most distinctive features are its many multi-part windows; although narrow, they are larger than those of Bailey, and they are typically arranged in groups of two or three.</p><br>
<h2>Historic recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, the Urbana College Historic Buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Their designation as a historic district was due primarily to their place in local history: Urbana University was one of a large number of religious colleges founded in Ohio during the middle of the nineteenth century. As the oldest buildings on the campus, Bailey, Oak, and Barclay Halls are important as typical buildings of the many nineteenth-century religious colleges. Another building on campus, Browne Hall, is of similar age; however, it was not included in the historic district because of its location, as it sits on the northeastern edge of the campus.</p><br>
<p>Shippen Manor is located in Oxford Township, Warren County, New Jersey, United States. The manor was built in 1755 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 1984, for its significance in architecture and industry. It was later added as a contributing property to the Oxford Industrial Historic District on August 27, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shippen Manor was built c. 1754 on an estate of four thousand acres for William Shippen Sr. and his brother Joseph Shippen Jr. The brothers owned the nearby Oxford Furnace and would manage the furnace from this home. The old furnace produced iron from 1741 to 1882.</p><br>
<p>According to George Wyckoff Cummins&#39; book, The History of Warren County, NJ (1911), "The Shippen family, who at the time of the came into possession of Oxford Furnace". During the war, part of the family were identified as "Loyalists" (Loyal to the British Crown) while others were considered "Patriots". The great-niece of William Shippen Sr. was Mrs. Margaret "Peggy" Shippen Arnold, wife of traitorous general, Benedict Arnold. (The part of the Shippen family associated with the Manor were originally Quakers and chose to not choose a side during the war, even though they profited from it.) Peggy Shippen married Arnold on 8 April 1779 when she was nineteen and he was thirty-eight and a Colonel in the US Army. They neither lived at nor visited Shippen Manor. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Chief Justice Edward Shippen IV (1729-1806), who was neither a Patriot nor Loyalist.</p><br>
<p>Joseph William Shippen, son of William Sr., managed his father&#39;s estate in Oxford for nearly thirty years. He was involved in a consensual relationship with his housekeeper, Martha Axford, the only daughter of John and Anna Beach Axford. (Note: Although the book refers to Joseph William Shippen and Martha Axford as being "married", there is no documentation to prove that they were legally married.)</p><br>
<p>Before 1831, Morris Robeson, Esq. (grandson of Jonathan Robeson, came into possession of the Manor and Furnace. From 1831 to 1842, Henry Jordan & Co., who manufactured stoves until 1839, leased the property from Morris Robeson&#39;s widow. The Scranton brothers, George W. and Selden T. Scranton, took charge of the Furnace, related industries and the Manor, which continued to house the iron masters.</p><br>
<p>In the later part of the 19th c., the Manor was referred to as the "Fowler House" and boarded workers in Oxford.</p><br>
<p>During the 20th c., it transferred hands a few times, ultimately becoming property of the State of New Jersey who transferred ownership to the County of Warren. Today it is a county museum and houses the offices of the Warren County Division of Cultural & Heritage Affairs, a division of the Department of Land Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Warren County Board of Chosen Freeholders (currently the Warren County Board of County Commissioners) acquired the property in 1984 for $64,500. Negotiations by the former Warren County Cultural & Heritage Commission were made to purchase the property. The county further appropriated $23,000 to have a structures report completed. In 1984, the F.M. Kirby Foundation of Morristown, New Jersey gave the commission a $10,000 grant to help with restorations. Governor Thomas H. Kean signed a supplementary budget in 1985 totaling $150,000 for the Manor&#39;s restoration.</p><br>
<p>This site is related to the Oxford Furnace in Oxford, NJ, and both are properties of the County of Warren in New Jersey. Both sites are listed on the State & National Register of Historic Places (1984).</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The manor is built in Georgian style with local stone. The walls are two feet thick and there are three chimneys. The ground floors is divided into six rooms. The upper floor consists of two bed chambers and four garret rooms.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Register of Historic Places, "Shippen Manor is a large, stone, 18th century dwelling prominently sited on the hillside overlooking the village of Oxford, an 18th and 19th century iron mining and manufacturing center for which it long served as the ironmaster&#39;s residence."</p><br>
<p>Exterior:</p><br>
<p>The main block of Shippen Manor is a five bay, 2-1/2-story, gable-roofed, stone structure that measures about 55 wide and 36 deep. Due to the slope that the structure is built upon, it has a basement that is fully above grade on the east side and two stories above.</p><br>
<p>A local granitic rock (gneiss), which ranges from brown to gray, often with reddish stains, was used to construct the Manor&#39;s rubble and coursed rubble stone work. Large, rough squared blocks were used for the corner quoins.</p><br>
<p>Interior:</p><br>
<p>The main and second story of the main block retained much of the early fabric and also reveal extensive 19th and 20th century alterations.</p><br>
<p>On the ground floor, the floorplans are defined by the interior stone walls. On the first floor, there are five rooms, two at the south end, two in the middle that are connected by a hallway, and one on the north that extends the full depth of the house. The east hall houses the staircase to the second floor and the west end serves as the entry.</p><br>
<p>The upper level of the building is similar to the main floor, but with few exceptions—south end rooms are garrets under the eaves. The west middle room was partitioned off for a bathroom, with a small passage that connected it to the stairway. The north end has two rooms divided by a hallway that now serve as offices.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings and site</h2><br>
<p>The upper driveway of the Manor, on its west side, was the former railroad spur that led down into the Furnace area. The railroad alignment is evident south of Belvidere Road and continued along the northern edge of the property where there is evidence of old buildings that no longer exist (two barns and a wagon house). There was also evidence of a springhouse, which no longer exists, on the property. The driveway loops around the north side of the building, to the east side and back onto Belvidere Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Some of the outbuildings that no longer exist at the Manor include:</p><br>
<p>18 x 20.5 mortared stone foundation that possibly had a timber upper story. The east and north walls survive and are about 8 foot tall and 18 inches thick. This was most likely the wagon or carriage house.</p><br>
<p>13.5 x 16 stone foundation with a concrete sill with a water stand pipe and brick rubble inside. The walls are 15 inches thick. The driveway retaining wall links with this structure that was some sort of access between this and the wagon/carriage house.</p><br>
<p>16&#39; wide, unknown length, it may be a continuation of the 2nd structure. Walls are 18 inches thick and may have been bonded with structure #4.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 32 long, width unknown, with only the east wall surviving (about 6.75 tall and 2.75&#39; wide). It has mortared faces and a dry rubble core and possibly supported a large frame barn on top. The southern end curves into the hillside, probably to attempt to buttress the foundation.</p><br>
<p>19&#39; in one dimension, the other unknown. Ground-level lines on the west and north side exist, but the building itself does not. The west wall may have been 7 feet thick but tumbled to the east. The north wall was about 3 feet thick, but the function was unknown.</p><br>
<p>57 long, unknown width. Only the east wall (5 high x 1 thick) and part of the south wall survive. A brick, tile and stone foundation showed more than one phase of construction. The basal foundation is stone and is about 36 in length from the southern end and is overlain by brick and tile foundation (extends 57 feet). Hollow flue tiles (which may have been reused from a local industrial structure) were used in the corners of this foundation. As with structure #4, this foundation probably supported a large barn.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the property is surrounded by lawn and woodland, and the hill is terraced down the slope to the town of Oxford and is bordered by Belvidere (south) and Washington Avenues (east) and overlooks Route 31 from the hill.</p><br>
<p>Blairstown Historic District is located in Blairstown, Warren County, New Jersey. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 2007, for its significance in architecture, commerce, and community development. It includes a grist mill originally built in 1825 that once served as town&#39;s library and is now part of Blair Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Dodge Mansion, also known as Turner-Dodge House, is a historic house in Lansing, Michigan that was built in 1855. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1972 as Dodge Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Turner-Dodge House is now a museum and historical center dedicated to Lansing&#39;s early pioneers. The house sits in the Classical Revival-styled Turner-Dodge Mansion, built in 1858 for James and Marion Turner, and later expanded by their daughter Abigail Turner-Dodge and her husband Frank Dodge at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1847, the state legislature established a new capitol at the then substantially unsettled Lansing location. Merchant James Turner moved from Mason to the new settlement, selecting a home site at this location. In the 1850s, Turner built a large mansion on his property. He lived there until his death in 1869, after which his widow remained in the house. Ownership of the house passed to his son James Munroe Turner, who lived there until his death. After this, James Ms sister, Abbey, and her husband Frank Dodge purchased the house. Abbey and Frank lived there with their children, including Franklin Dodge Jr., a Bureau of Investigation agent who became embroiled in controversy in the 1920s after his affair with George Remuss wife Imogene.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the Dodges hired Lansing architect Darius B. Moon to modernize and renovate the house. The project was completed in 1903, resulting in a house with a completely changed appearance, almost entirely obliterating the design of the original house. Frank Dodge died in 1929, after which his daughter Josephine (Dodge) MacLean lived in the house. The Great Lakes Bible College acquired the house in 1958, and occupied it until 1972 when it moved to another campus. The city of Lansing purchased the property in 1974. In the 1990s and 2000s, substantial renovation was done to the house. The house is open as a historical site, heritage center, and hosts special events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Turner-Dodge House is a large Georgian Revival brick house. It has a three-story central section flanked by -story wings. The house has a large two-story front porch with Ionic columns, sitting on a stone foundation. The house is encircled by a massive wooden cornice. A large porte cochere is located in the rear.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the house has large classical doorways, multiple fireplaces, and beveled and leaded glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The Smith–Turner House is an Italianate and Queen Anne-styled house located at 326 West Grand River Avenue in Lansing, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Smith–Turner House was constructed in approximately 1873 for Samuel C. Smith, a part owner of a North Lansing drug store. In 1878, the house was purchased by James M. Turner, one of Lansing&#39;s most prominent businessmen at the time. Turner was born in Lansing in 1850 and married Sophia Porter Scott in 1876. He became rich in the 1870s, speculating on timber and mining lands in the northern part of Michigan, helped organize the Chicago and Northeastern Railroad, and served a term in the state legislature. Turner added a small wing to the house in 1888. He lived in this house until his death in 1896.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the Wilde Conservatory of Music was founded by Hans Wilde. Wilde constructed a large addition to the house as a space for music rooms and a small auditorium. The Conservatory used this house for sixty years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Smith–Turner House is a two-story, brick Italianate structure with a hip roof and a rear ell. The 1919–21 addition is Queen Anne in style, and is located at one corner of the house. The addition and adds 1200 square feet to the house. Much of the original exterior detaining remains on the house, including the bracketed and dentiled cornices, corner pilasters, and carved stone window caps. However, the original front veranda was replaced in about 1900 by a Colonial Revival door porch, which was converted to a small porch/vestibule during the 1919-21 renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Cove Island Houses, although plural in name, is a single house in Cove Island Park, in Stamford, Connecticut. The house was expanded from a first section that dates from 1791, and is now predominantly a Georgian style house with an older wing. It is the only building that is a legacy of the large Stamford Mills complex at the Cove. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It presently houses administrative offices of Cove Island Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>In Stamfords colonial history, Cove Island was used as an animal pound for stray animals, a use that began to decline in 1791, when John Fitch dammed the Noroton River and John Holly built a grist mill on the island to use the dams water power. The smaller, older portion of Cove Island Houses is believed to have been built by John Holly at about the same time as the mill. Holly&#39;s operations expanded in the early 19th century to include a second mill, and he probably built the larger portion of the house sometime between 1810 and 1835, in order to house his large family. Over the course of the 19th century, the mill complexes were greatly expanded, but were destroyed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a series of fires, leaving only the house standing.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house is a -story frame structure, built with what would have been somewhat retairdaire (out of date) Georgian styling. It is finished with wooden clapboards, and is topped by a gambrel roof with modillioned cornice, and with chimneys at either end. The front facade is five bays wide, with a peaked gable housing a half-round window. A single-story porch extends across the front, with a hip roof supported by square posts. To the right of the main block stands the older section, a -story frame structure, with a gabled roof pierced by three dormers.</p><br>
<p>Thomas McLean House is a historic home in Battenville, New York, United States. It was built between about 1795 and 1867 and consists of a five-bay, two-story main block with two -story wings. Also on the property are two timber-frame barns, a 1-story commercial building, shed, and remains of a stone foundation. It is located across from the Stoops Hotel.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Stoops Hotel is a historic tavern and hotel located at Battenville in Washington County, New York. It was built in two phases, with the oldest phase built between about 1790 and 1800. It is a timber-frame building of vernacular design with Federal and Greek Revival details. It is located across from the Stoops Brinkman House and next to the Susan B. Anthony Childhood House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Wing-Northup House, also known as the Washington County Historical Society Headquarters, is a historic home located at Fort Edward in Washington County, New York. It was built about 1815 by entrepreneur Daniel Wood Wing and is a two-story, five-bay, center entrance brick front building, with a two-story brick ell. A one-story brick side wing was added about 1880. The property was acquired in 1884 by James M. Northup, and in 1982 by the Washington County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Dayton-Williams House is a historic home located at Middle Granville in Washington County, New York. It was built about 1820 and is a two-story, five-bay, center entrance, gable end brick building. It is in the Federal style. Also on the property is a retaining wall of fieldstone and slate and the foundation of a dwelling house built to house railroad workers in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Skene Manor, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Judge Joseph Potter House, is a historic home located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It was built in 1874 and is a handsome Victorian style mansion built of grey sandstone quarried from its own site with a mansard roof. It features two towers and is embellished with three flat roofed bracketed porches. The center tower is three and one half stories and once featured a large clock that has been removed. The mansion was operated as a restaurant, but is now undergoing restorations and is open for tours.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Whitehall is a historic post office building located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It was designed and built 1937–1938, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department under Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is a modest one story building, three bays wide and clad in red brick. The interior features a 1939 mural by Axel Horn titled "Settlement of Skenesborough."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Hudson Falls is a historic post office building located at Hudson Falls in Washington County, New York. It was designed and built 1935–1936, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department under Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is a -story, five-bay, steel-frame building clad in red brick. The interior features a 1937 mural series by George Picken that includes "Scenes and Activities of the Hudson," "Transportation," and "Mail by Airplane."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Whitehall Armory is a historic National Guard armory building located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It is a brick and stone castle-like structure built in 1899, designed to be reminiscent of medieval military structures in Europe. It was designed by State Architect Isaac G. Perry. It consists of a 2-story, hip-roofed administration building with an attached gable-roofed drill shed. The administration building features a 5-story octagonal tower and a -story round tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Browns Tavern is a historic tavern and farm complex located at South Hartford in Washington County, New York. The property includes the 1802 Browns Tavern, an 1878 horse barn, outhouse, corn crib, well and pump, and store and sheds foundations. The tavern building is a rectangular, -story, five by three bay, high-pitched gable roof building measuring 47 feet wide and 37 feet deep. The interior features a noted ballroom. It includes Federal style details, but was renovated about 1878–1880 in a regional eclectic style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Hebron Valley Grange No. 1103, also known as West Hebron Methodist Church, is a historic grange building located in the hamlet of West Hebron, in the town of Hebron in Washington County, New York. It was originally built about 1839 as a Methodist meeting house on a site located 20 miles from its current location. It was moved a second time prior to 1874. In 1911, the building was purchased by a local Grange organization and used until December 1985. The original building is a three-by-three-bay, 1-story heavy timber-frame building. An addition was completed about 1874.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Home Farm, also known as the Mirriam-Bartholomew House, is a historic home and farm complex located at East Whitehall in Washington County, New York. The house was built about 1840 and consists of a two-story, five-bay, center entrance brick main block with a rear brick kitchen wing in the Greek Revival style. The farm complex has 17 contributing resources including a frame cow barn complex, a timber frame horse and carriage barn, a light frame creamery, a light-frame sugar house, and a brick smoke house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Village of Greenwich Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenwich in Washington County, New York. It includes 165 contributing buildings, six contributing sites , one contributing structure, and 27 contributing objects. It encompasses the historic center of the village including residential, commercial, civic, and ecclesiastical buildings as well as six memorial parks, including Monument Park containing the Civil War monument . The majority of the buildings were built between 1840 and 1900 and reflect a variety of 19th- and early-20th-century architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Turn-of-River Bridge, also known as Old North Stamford Road Bridge, is a single-span lenticular pony truss bridge built by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It formerly brought the Old Stamford Road across the Rippowam River, but is now open only to pedestrian traffic, as the road ends shortly before the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge uses the design patented by William O. Douglas in 1878 for a lens-type truss bridge, and is built out of wrought and cast iron, with pin connections, and has a concrete deck. It rests on stone abutments, and has a total span of 53 ft. It is one of only about twenty lenticular truss bridges remaining in the state. It is now open only to pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
<p>The Swing Bridge in Keeseville, New York over the Ausable River is not a swing bridge. It is a pedestrian suspension bridge that happens to swing, disconcertingly. It was designed and manufactured by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company in 1888 and it crosses from Clinton County, New York to Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Hudson Falls Historic District is a national historic district located at Hudson Falls in Washington County, New York. It includes 148 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing objects. It encompasses the historic center of the village including residential, commercial, civic, and ecclesiastical buildings, centered on the village park. The buildings were built between 1812 and 1935, the majority between 1875 and 1900, and reflect a variety of 19th and early-20th-century architectural styles. Located within the district is the former Washington County Courthouse  and the separately listed US Post Office-Hudson Falls. One of the oldest structures is a law office building constructed about 1810 and located at 177 Main Street. It is notable as having been the office for Henry C. Martindale  and his clerk, New York Governor Silas Wright .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>White Creek Historic District is a national historic district located at White Creek in Washington County, New York. It includes 20 contributing buildings. The buildings are predominantly residential and were built between 1770 and 1885. The majority are Greek Revival in style, with representatives of the Federal and Queen Anne styles. Greek Revival style commercial structures are also present and include a church, hotel / tavern, general store, and harness shop.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It includes 40 contributing buildings. It encompasses a three-block-long row of two- and three- story brick and stone commercial structures facing the Champlain Canal. The structures were built between 1865 and 1900, after the fire of 1864. Most were designed by local architect Almon Chandler Hopson, who also designed the Judge Joseph Potter House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Fourth and Gill is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located north of the citys downtown area. Initially developed in the late nineteenth century as a residential area for Knoxvilles growing middle and professional classes, the neighborhood still contains most of its original Victorian-era houses, churches, and streetscapes. In 1985, 282 houses and other buildings in the neighborhood were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Fourth and Gill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Knoxville&#39;s rapid economic growth after the Civil War brought about a housing boom that lasted into the early twentieth century. The presence of the railroad drew heavy industry to the pasturelands north of the city, and residential areas such as Fourth and Gill were developed to provide housing for the managers and workers in the growing number of mills and factories. Much of Fourth and Gill was initially part of the separate city of North Knoxville, which was annexed by Knoxville in 1897. The neighborhood is named for a community center established at the corner of N. Fourth Avenue and Gill Avenue in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Fourth and Gill neighborhood is roughly bounded by Hall of Fame Drive on the east, Broadway (part of USA Highway 441) on the west, Glenwood Avenue to the north, and East Fourth Avenue to the south. The Old North Knoxville community lies just to the north, Parkridge lies on the other side of Hall of Fame drive to the east, and the Emory Place Historic District (part of the citys Downtown-North Corridor) lies just to the south. The neighborhoods community center and oldest houses lie along North Fourth Avenue just east of I-40.</p><br>
<p>The Fourth and Gill neighborhood includes parts of Morgan Street, Gratz Street, Deery Street, Luttrell Street, and Eleanor Street, which run roughly north-to-south, as well as Wells Avenue, Caswell Avenue, Gill Avenue, Lovenia Avenue, and Third Avenue, which run east-to-west. North Fourth Avenue runs east-to-west across the area before veering north to join Gill Avenue as the latter passes under I-40, and then continuing north for several blocks on the east side of I-40.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now Fourth and Gill remained pastureland throughout most of the nineteenth century. The construction of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad just north of Knoxville in 1855 made development in the area more feasible, and by the outbreak of the Civil War, what is now Emory Place had already been annexed by the city. After the war, factories were built along the railroad, and a market developed at Emory Place. This industrial growth brought about a demand for labor and a need for new housing, and around 1880, the first houses were built in what is now Fourth and Gill.</p><br>
<p>The housing boom north of Knoxville brought increased demand for city services, and as bureaucratic issues prevented quick annexation by Knoxville, part of Fourth and Gill—along with what is now Old North Knoxville—incorporated as the separate city of North Knoxville in 1889. L.A. Gratz, for whom Gratz Street is named, served as the citys first mayor, and the citys town hall was located at 977 Gratz Street.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s and 1890s, several prominent figures built houses in the Fourth and Gill area. Tennessee governor Robert Love Taylor lived in what became known as the Caswell-Taylor House at 803 North Fourth (the house burned in 1985). Architect Albert B. Baumann, Sr., designed the Queen Anne-style cottage at 839 Deery Street for his younger siblings in 1892. Lovenia Avenue, which intersects Deery Street at the cottage, was named for Baumann&#39;s sister. During the following century, residents of Fourth and Gill would include furniture magnate James G. Sterchi, philosopher Albert Chavannes, White Stores founder Frank McDonald, Knoxville mayor Fred Allen, and Knoxville city manager Charles Karns.</p><br>
<p>The advent of the automobile in the 1930s led to a migration from urban areas to suburbs on the periphery of the city, and Fourth and Gill began to decline. Many of the neighborhood&#39;s houses were converted into low-rent apartments and duplexes by absentee landlords, and began to deteriorate. During the late 1970s, however, Fourth and Gill became one of the first neighborhoods in Knoxville to launch a successful urban renewal project, and many of its houses have since been restored.</p><br>
<h2>Fourth and Gill Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Fourth and Gill Historic District, added to the National Register in 1985, consists of over 250 houses, a school, and three churches, all built between 1880 and 1934. Unlike other Knoxville neighborhoods that developed during the same period, such as Fort Sanders or Mechanicsville, Fourth and Gill still contains most of its original houses, with few modern intrusions. Most of the houses built in the 1880s, 1890s, and 1900s have Queen Anne-style designs, while most of the later houses are Bungalow/Craftsman designs. Other architectural styles in Fourth and Gill include Gothic Revival, Mediterranean Revival, Tudor Revival, American Foursquare, Shingle, and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h3>Notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Knoxville House of Faith (816 Lovenia), a two-story Gothic Revival-style church built in 1908. Originally the Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, the church is now home to a Pentecostal congregation.</p><br>
<p>Central United Methodist Church (201 Third Avenue), a two-story Gothic Revival-style church built in 1927, and designed by architects R. H. Hunt and Albert Baumann, Sr.</p><br>
<p>800 Luttrell Street, a two-story Tudor Revival-style church building constructed 1929.</p><br>
<p>800 Deery Street, a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built c. 1890, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>821 Deery Street, a two-story Queen Anne-style house built c. 1890, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>839 Deery Street, a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built c. 1890, and designed by Albert Baumann, Sr., of the architectural firm, Baumann Brothers.</p><br>
<p>Eugene H. Wilson House (941 Eleanor), a two-story Colonial Revival-style house built c. 1905, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>Thomas A. Kluttz House, a two-story Colonial Revival-style house built c. 1900, and designed by Barber & Kluttz</p><br>
<p>Mrs. J. W. Taylor House (703 Luttrell), a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built in 1902, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>907 Luttrell Street, a two-story Picturesque Vernacular-style house built c. 1895, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Park (729 Morgan), a three-story Mediterranean Revival-style apartment house built c. 1925.</p><br>
<p>800 North Fourth Avenue, a two-story Picturesque Vernacular-style house built in 1891; now serves as the Fourth and Gill community center.</p><br>
<p>804 North Fourth Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house built c. 1880.</p><br>
<p>808 North Fourth Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house built c. 1885.</p><br>
<p>812 North Fourth Avenue, a two-story Picturesque Vernacular-style house built c. 1880.</p><br>
<p>816 North Fourth Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house built c. 1890, and designed by architect George Barber.</p><br>
<p>The Caswell-Taylor House (803 North Fourth Ave.), the home of Governor Robert Love Taylor, was considered a contributing property in the Fourth and Gill Historic District, but is no longer standing. The two-story house was built in the Queen Anne style c. 1880.</p><br>
<p>48th Police Precinct Station is a historic police station located at 1925 Bathgate Avenue in the Tremont neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. It was completed in 1901 and is a freestanding, three story rectangular block, seven bays wide. The facades are composed of yellow brick with stone trim in the Italian Renaissance Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was the scene of the arrest of Police Lieutenant Charles Becker for the murder of gambler Herman Rosenthal</p><br>
<p>at 8:30 PM on the evening of July 29, 1912.</p><br>
<p>It was formerly used by the New York City Police Department, but ceased use as a police station in the 1970s. As of June 2010, it was occupied by Sharon Baptist Headstart.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>52nd Police Precinct Station House and Stable is a historic police station located in Norwood in the Bronx, New York City. It was built 1904–1906 and is a three-story, red brick structure approximately 50 feet by 80 feet in size. It is in the style of a Tuscan villa. It features a 21-foot square clock tower with large polychrome terracotta clock faces on three sides.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1974 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The architects were Stoughton & Stoughton of Mount Vernon, New York.</p><br>
<p>Robert Colgate House, also known as Stonehurst, is a historic home located in the Hudson Hill section of the Bronx in New York City. It was built about 1860 and is a two-story picturesque Italianate villa built of ashlar Maine granite. It features a low-pitched dormered roof with broad eaves surrounding a flat deck. It was built for Robert Colgate , son of pioneer soap manufacturer William Colgate.</p><br>
<p>Colgate purchased the land in 1860 from Ann Cromwell; it had previously been owned by William G. Ackerman. The Riverdale Presbyterian Church was organized at a meeting held in Colgate&#39;s house in 1863.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>William E. Dodge House, also known as Greyston Conference Center, is a historic home located in the Hudson Hill section of Riverdale in the Bronx in New York City. It was built in 1863 and designed by architect James Renwick Jr. It is a -story masonry structure in the Gothic Revival style. It was built for copper tycoon William E. Dodge Jr.  as a summer residence and expanded in 1892 as a year-round suburban home. It was formally dedicated on May 27, 1963, as the Greyston Conference Center, of Teachers College, Columbia University.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyslope is a historic home located in Hunts Point in the South Bronx in New York City. It was built about 1860 by Peter Hoe, brother of Richard March Hoe, on their family estate. It is a -story Gothic Revival–style house built in the Picturesque mode. In 1919 it was sold to Temple Beth Elohim and later became home to an African Methodist Episcopal congregation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a New York City Landmark in 1981, and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It later became home to Bright Temple A.M.E. Church.</p><br>
<p>The Walton Bridge in Keene, New York was built in c. 1890. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the registration form for the National Register:</p><br>
<p>The Walton Bridge was originally constructed c.1890 for the Western Plank Road Company in the hamlet of Black Brook, New York, in (Clinton County, NY) to cross a stream known as Black Brook. The bridge was part of a 14-mile toll road between Black Brook and Franklin controlled by the Western Plank Road Company, which was incorporated in 1850.</p><br>
<p>The Walton Bridge was manufactured and erected by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company (BIBC) of East Berlin, Connecticut. The BIBC, which was formed in 1883, evolved from a series of iron manufacturing businesses (American Corrugated Iron Co., 1868; Metallic Corrugated Shingle Co., 1871; and Corrugated Metal Co., 1873) that made corrugated iron, fireproof shutters and doors and iron roof trusses. In the late 1870s, the Corrugated Metal Company bought the rights to William 0. Douglas&#39;s patented lenticular bridge truss design and entered into the bridge fabricating market. By 1883, most of its business was in bridge fabrication and its name was changed to reflect this.</p><br>
<p>While Berlin Iron Bridge Company (BIBC) did manufacture bridges of other designs, it primarily built lenticular truss bridges. In all, about 1,000 lenticular truss bridges were fabricated by the BIBC between 1878 and the late 1890s and they were sold as far away as San Antonio, Texas. BIB grew to become the largest structural fabricator in New England and was acquired by the American Bridge Company in 1900. The East Berlin factories were eventually dismantled and moved to the new plant in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the bridge that crossed Black Brook was determined to be obsolete and replaced by a more substantial span. It was then moved to its present location in the Town of Keene to replace a bridge that had been washed away in a flood along with its abutments. A 1924 report of the Essex County Bridge Committee states that the original Walton Bridge "...was replaced by an old iron bridge obtained by the Town of Keene from its old site in the Town of Black Brook, being placed on the abutments newly built by the Bridge Committee".</p><br>
<p>What is known about earlier bridge crossings at the Walton Bridge site in Keene, is that the Heald family had farms on both sides of the river and were involved in nearby iron mines and a sawmill. In the mid-19th century, they may have built the first bridge at this location, which was likely to have been a simple wooden truss span. The volatile nature of the river at this location is reported to have washed away several 19th-century bridges that were built lower to the river.</p><br>
<p>The bridge that had become obsolete in Black Brook was ideally suited to its new site in Keene. On its higher abutments, protected from the torrents of the river, the Walton Bridge has served this small crossing and unimproved road well and provides a good example of how bridges were moved and reused in other locations. The bridge stayed in active service until 1990, when the Essex County Highway Department decided that, because there was another access to the Dr. Ray Road (Old Gristmill Road), it was not essential and could be closed. It remained in use as a pedestrian bridge between Old Gristmill and Hulls Falls Roads.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 2011, the bridge was destroyed by the force of floodwaters that followed the rains of Tropical Storm Irene. The bridge in its entirety was washed downstream in pieces, with some lingering in the riverbed near its former site, and others assumed to be far downstream.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Bridge formerly carried Main Street over the Rippowam River  just outside downtown Stamford, Connecticut. It was designed and manufactured by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company in 1888. It is a two-span wrought iron lenticular truss bridge, each span 60 ft long, although there are supporting piers every 12 ft feet. The abutments and central pier are cut granite and other stone, faced in concrete.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, at which time it was the only lenticular truss bridge on a major artery in the state. The bridge is (as of 2014) only open to pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
